Na reira, enei momo o puta ai ngā whakatau
Ko te reira i te tautohe e te toremi, me te hopu kei te rerekē aratau o te putaatuKi te tūhura i tenei pea, he multinomial logistic (MNL) te hokinga te tauira, ko te whakatau tata i te te whakamahi i te cross-sectional raraunga o te umanga. Kitea e tatou e te pānga o te pakeke, te rahi, te whaihua, auaha mātau, me te moni e nui hoki te tūponotanga o te toremi. I roto i te rerekē, ko te pānga o te moni i kitea i te iti hoki te tūponotanga o te rironga. Ano, i te pānga o te rahi me te huanga e nä puta noa i te putanga aratau, e ko, ki ngā umanga nui e atu pea ki te kia liquidated engari iti iho pea ki te e whiwhi, me te tiketike huanga umanga e atu pea ki te kia liquidated engari iti iho pea ki te kia whiwhi. Ko te kitenga o tenei ako whakaatu i nga tohu o te toremi, me te hopu i te aratau o te putanga he rerekē i roto i te Indian te hikohiko ahumahi. Hanumi, me kua Hoko i runga i te ara mai te whakamutunga e toru tekau tau, me te rite i taua i ngā nui aro i te hapori rangahau. Whakatau unu e te tīariari rangahau tohu e te taua whakawhitinga e kore e te hua i roto i te pai ake mahinga, te vavahi i te whiwhi i te u o te uara kaipupuri hea, me te whakaputa i te tino ahua mākete hoki.
E rave rahi rangahau kua tātarihia ngā take mō taua inefficiencies, me te tohu i roto i ki te maha o ngā āhuatanga muri i a ratou.
Heoi, ki to tatou matauranga, i te tino iti te aro, kua hoatu ki nga pakihi tukanga aro mātai hei arataki take. Na reira, na roto i te whakarato i te katoa o te tirohanga, ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi ko te ki te tūhura i te pehea te wāhanga whai wāhi i roto i te mahi aro mātai i te tukanga whakaawe i te putanga o hanumi me hoko. Whānui, i te kitenga whakakitea e tino te mana me te ā-hono wāhanga e pā ana ki te mahi aromātai i te tukanga e whai i te pānga nui i runga i te putanga o te ripeka-rohe i te whakawhitinga. I tua atu, i te hua hoki te tohu i roto i taua ki te kōwhiringa, me te aromatawai o ngä umanga, ko te whakapai ake, te Hanumi, me te Hopu i te hua ka taea pai. Ko te kaituhi whakaae te āwhina whakaaro me ngā kōrero o Keith V. Renshaw, Lawrence S. Ritter, me te Journal' kaiarotake Te rangahau i whakahaeretia i raro i te Regents Uru i te University o California, Los Angeles.
Te kaituhi, te tūhura i te tohu o te toremi ngā uara o te rawa, te tino arotahi i runga i te pūmanawa kaihoko o te rawa.
A, no te te u i roto i te pūtea, te pouri hiahia ki te hoko i ngā rawa, i tona ahumahi hoa e pea ki te e faaruru i te mau fifi ratou, ārahi ki te rawa sales i te utu i raro uara i roto i te whakamahi i pai. Taua illiquidity hanga rawa rēhita i roto i te wa kino, me te pera ex ante ko te nui tūmataiti utu o te whaihua. Ko te kaituhi whakamahi i tēnei arotahi ki te rawa kaihoko ki te whakamārama i te rerekētanga i roto i te tarahu kaha puta noa i te ahumahi, me te neke atu i te nga huringa pakihi, me te ara i roto i te U.
rangatōpū te whaihua i roto i te tekau tau atu i.
Copyright by American Pūtea Association. R D haumi whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te u i te hangarau rauemi, me te kainga o te taua rauemi maha e faarahi i te u o painga rite te pūmanawa i te hopu o te ūnga. Heoi, ko te uara mano i hoatu ai ki te u o te rauemi hangarau e pai-kia acquirers kia te whakaōrite i tona ahumahi o te āhuatanga taiao. Mā te whakamahi i raraunga i te umanga, ka kitea e te haumi i roto i te R D matapae i te hopu i te tūponotanga, me te e R D haumi e tino kaha e pā ana ki te rironga o ngā umanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te taiao munificence me te auaretanga. Ariā me te whakahaere pānga kei te kōrero.
Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Kaiāwhina Ahorangi o te Pūtea, New York University
Ahakoa te whakatipu i te tuhinga i runga i te faufaa o te taiao i ngā mahi mō ngā umanga' ngā rautaki, i reira e tonu te torutoru rangahau e hāngai ana ki te tātari, ahakoa he taiao takotoranga kua tetahi pānga i runga i auaha te mahi. Umanga i roto i te ahumahi matū whai i te āwangawanga nui mō tēnei kaupapa, e tika ana ki te nui te pānga e ratou mau faaotiraa i taea e whai i runga i te taiao. Tenei ako e hāngai ana i runga i te ahumahi matū, me te whai wāhi nui ngā kitenga e pā ana ki te hononga i waenganui i te u o te taiao takotoranga me ona mahi auaha. I roto i te logistic hokinga tauira to tatou pepa whakaatu te oraraa o tenei hononga, me ona whanaunga faufaa i roto i te rite ki ētahi atu rautaki orientations o te umanga (te mākete, me te utu). Te matua te takoha o tēnei pepa e te ahumahi matū ngā umanga ki te taiao takotoranga whakapai ake i to ratou mahi auaha, āta e pā ana ki logistic pūnaha, me te ahumahi tukanga. Tenei pepa whakawhanake kē ki te mōrahi tūponotanga estimators hoki logistic inenga o ngā tauira, me te whakataurite i te tikanga tapawha te hapa o te estimators. Te MEL mo te vector o te whāriki ana i te angitu probabilities he iti anake, no te pono probabilities e tino. Extreme probabilities hāngai ana ki logistic hokinga tawhā te tahumaero nei, he nui i roto i te täkupu. I te whakataetae"restricted", me te empirical te putanga o te reira e te whakaaro rite estimators ki te pai te mahi i te MLE hoki central probabilities. I te āwhiwhiwhi EM-hātepe mō te ine i te here kei te whakaahuatia. Ka rite ki i roto i te take o te noa te ariā ridge estimators, te whakaarohia estimators e whakaaturia ana ki te kia ōkawa derivable e Bayes me te empirical Bayes tohenga. Ko te tauira iti te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o te e whakaarohia ana estimators e whakaritea ana ki te MLE mā te whaihanga ako e rua i te i whakarite ai o te takitahi probabilities, me te o te logistic tawhā e whakaaro. Tapaea tatou i te pai-o-te uru i te whakamātautau mō te logistic hokinga tauira i raro i te take-te mana kohi. I te whakamātau tauanga te mea hanga te rerekētanga i waenganui i te rua te whakataetae pata kiato estimators o te whakakaupapa here tuari i homai take-te mana mana. Ko te whakaaro pai-o-te uru whakamātautau, ko te e whakaaturia ana ki te whakarite i te tino pai ki te whakaarohia i mua i te whakamātautau mō te take-te mana, te kohi i roto i ngā o te mana. I te whakamātau tauanga, ka taea te ngāwari computed rite ki te quadratic te hanga i roto i te residuals i te tūmanako logistic inenga mōrahi tūponotanga pai.
I tua atu, i te whakaaro whakamātautau, ko te affine invariant, me te he rerekē kanohi i roto i ngā o te empirical āhuatanga mahi.
Te whakaaro: ko Te whakaaro o tenei ako, ko te ki te titiro i te umanga' tohu o te riro i roto i te Indian ahumahi rängai. He he taunakitanga o te hononga i waenganui i te tūponotanga o te whiwhi me te maha o ngā firm āhuatanga motuhake pērā i pakeke, te rahi, te rangahau me te whanaketanga (R D), pānuitanga kaha, hua, te whaihua, te moni, ngä taonga të whäwhäria, me te herenga pūtea. Heoi, he iti nei e pā ana ki te rōpū i waenganui i enei āhuatanga, me te tūponotanga o te hoko i roto i te Indian ahumahi rängai.
Hoahoa tikanga huarahi: ko Te tauira, ko te rōpū o te, Indian ahumahi umanga puta noa i tata kotahi tekau nga tau.
Tupurangi pānga logistic (REL) te hokinga te tauira, ko te whāngai ki te whakahaere i te u motuhake unobserved heterogeneity i roto i te tauira. Tenei ko te titauraa faufaa mō te whakarato i te tika me te whai hua tohu o te riro. Kitenga: Empirical hua whakakitea e te tohu o te riro i roto i te ahumahi Indian te rängai e te tau, te rahi, R D kaha, pānuitanga kaha, hua me te whaihua. Ko te kitenga tohu e te hua i roto i ngā umanga' matahiti, rahi, R D kaha, me te pānuitanga kaha e faarahi i te tūponotanga o te whiwhi.
Heoi, hua i roto i te hua, me huanga heke te tūponotanga o te whiwhi.
Rangahau here pānga: ngā Kitenga o tenei ako, kia whai hua mō ngā taumata ki te tae atu i te whakaaro aromatawai o to ratou painga, me te, i runga i, te whakatairanga i to ratou hopu rite ki te pai ake te aratau o te putaatu. Taketake uara: i Te pepa whai wāhi ētahi empirical evidence i runga i te whakatau o te riro i roto i te Indian ahumahi rängai mā te whakamahi i te paewhiri raraunga, me te REL inenga o te tauira.
